The first major step toward computer system compatibility was the development of the OSI Reference Model in the early 1980s. Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the ...

For a decade or two, networks were built using different hardware and software specifications. As a result they were incompatible and it became difficult for networks to communicate with each other.

A reference model is a virtual model which defines how communication should take place. It logically divides the processes which are required for the communication into layers. This concept is known ...

According to the OSI Model, the session layer is where connections are established, managed, and torn down. For connection-oriented network protocols, understanding how the session layer works, and ...