Determine forces on the valve spool to optimize solenoid size. Designers of spool-type, solenoid-operated hydraulic valves often face the vexing problem of increasing flow while shrinking the size of ...

While the engineering community continues to explore the benefits of electric and hybrid vehicles—i.e., the environmental and renewable energy factors—the automotive market is still dependent on ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract The thesis of this paper is that cavitation in hydraulic spool valves involves large-scale vortical structures in an unsteady submerged jet.